e x p l o d i n g t h e t e m p l e
e x p l o d i n g t h e t e m p l e
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by Annette Loudon
Traditional exhibition space is an expression of Architectural
ideology. Not only must it strictly obey the laws of physics, protect
art works from the elements, and accommodate people as well as art, but
the space in which art is exhibited has a profound effect on the way
that art is experienced. As Markus Lupertz has said, "The classical
museum is built like this: four walls, light coming in from above, two
doors, one for those coming in, the other for those going out. All these new
buildings are often beautiful, noteworthy buildings, but like all art,
hostile to 'other' types of art. They do not give simple, innocent pictures,
simple innocent sculptures a chance...." 1
Architecture contributes it's own set of issues which have evolved along
side exhibition practices throughout the history of art. Constructing a
physical exhibition space is expensive and time consuming,and buildings
are permanent. Art museums are traditionally important reservoirs of
culture. For this reason, art museums are often grand buildings designed
by prestigious architects. These spaces are designed to be permanent,
which means that the popular aesthetic and functional ideologies
supported by architecture at the time a museum is built, will impact the
way art will be exhibited in the future.
The grandeur, permanence, and expense that are inherent to physical exhibition spaces, form the basic framework within which curatorial practices have emerged and developed. In a culture where art is perceived as the product of genius, and as a luxury commodity, it is the elite few who decide what gets seen and what has value. Who selects the great works of art? How do you recognize genius? Is genius timeless? Why is this painting worth 3 million dollars? In the large bureaucracy of an art museum, the role of the curator can become complicated by financial and political agendas that must be served. This can have the effect of limiting the range of exhibition options open to a curator. At the Yerba Buena Center for the Arts in San Francisco, shows featuring movie set design and tattoo art are geared towards a broad audience. There is a strong likelihood that this commercialized exhibition style is due much more to the economics of the marketplace than the ideals of the gallery curators. As traditional galleries require every decision to go through the "proper channels", it becomes more difficult for artists and curators to collaborate on shows. Whilst this type of collaboration could allow for a smoother transition of work from the studio to the gallery, and produce a more accurate representation of the artists' work, there is rarely room for this type of artistic freedom.
In his book, "On the Museum's Ruins", Douglas Crimp quotes Hegel to show how in
the museum, "the contemplation of art has lost for us genuine truth and
life, and has rather been transferred into our ideas instead of maintaining
it's earlier necessity in reality". This focus on the "ideal", and lack of
acknowledgement of art which emphasizes political and material aspects,
is reinforced by the architecture which in turn limits what can be
exhibited. 2 Crimp sees the architect's role as
key in what he perceives to be the exclusionary curatorial
practices of modern museums. Crimp believes that James Stirling's design
for the Neue Staatsgalerie in
Stuttgart, Germany is unwittingly
perpetuating the old idealist museum model. Irritated by Stirling's
masquerading of the Neue Staatsgalerie as an example of Postmodern
architecture, he declares "Evidently nothing in the practices of the art of
the past 150 years suggested to Stirling that the sequence of
nineteenth-century picture galleries might have to be reconsidered."
3 The collapse of time and distance is the key feature of virtual exhibition spaces. "The virtual realm by it's nature, has neither gravity, nor requires a response from an architectural structure. It has no climate which requires a surface of enclosure to define and protect interior space as understood in the physical world. Furthermore, there are no geographical limits, no site boundaries or property lines, to contain and define the bounds of the architecture within." 4 Hyper-links allow almost instantaneous transportation from one space or set of information to another. Any space can have portals to any number of other spaces; location is diminished in importance and non-linear narrative is the natural form. Narratives that may have been achieved through the natural navigation of space--facilitated by walls, doors, hallways, and stairs--must now be deliberately programmed. In the case of networked virtual spaces, the architect has little control over how the space is rendered. Even if two visitors are using the same type of computer and software to browse a space, there are viewing configurations that people will "tweak "to suit themselves. A curator cannot control the final representation of an exhibition in the same way it can be controlled in physical space.
The unique spatial features of virtual exhibition spaces allow new methods of presenting work to be explored, where the emphasis lies less on historical or geographic relationships, and more on visual, intellectual, or emotional elements of the work. Digital information is easily programmed into diferent configurations allowing curators to provide multiple navigations of a space to highlight different aspects of a show. But curators need to address the problem that, at least in the short term, visitors to a virtual space may be disoriented. Only a very high end virtual space is able to accomodate the human body, and this accommodation is currently limited to the representation of the body and it's movements. The majority of virtual spaces today address only the eyes and ears, leaving the rest of the senses behind. Familiar traditional navigational methods may have to be appropriated by curators to facilitate navigation in an unfamiliar type of space. Since virtual real estate is cheap, and the space in any given domain is potentially infinite, how do you decide how large a space to create and how many artists to include in a show. When a show is over do you "move it out" or just archive it? If you archive a show is it still part of the same space, or does it require a new space? In virtual exhibition space, there is the potential for the new freedoms to obscure the original goals of a curator. Although it is easy to design a new space for each new show, it may be more interesting to see how a single space can be transformed over and over again. The ease of manipulation offered by digital editing tools could also serve to blur the lines between the artist and the curator. The Web is already seeing artists experimenting with curatorial roles. Elizabeth O'Grady thinks the Web "challenges the authority of the curator."7 She writes, "In some cases artists act as their own curators, providing interpretive material and context for their own pieces. Thus, the artist's 'original' piece has in a sense become the gallery, self curated and mounted, awaiting an audience." 8 An extreme example of traditional roles being broken down is Stratus, a networked virtual art space. Stratus is not curated or built by one person, but added to by each artist. This type of space is not devoid of curatorial influence altogether, but it is certainly not curated in the traditional sense. The basic structure and expansion mechanisms are designed by the creators of Stratus. These factors have a significant impact on what type of art can be displayed and who is likely to contribute. In this way Stratus is practically curated almost purely by it's own structure.
Virtual exhibition spaces exist in a realm where location is formulated by
a digital address in an abstract landscape that which is constantly
changing. There is no denying, however, that the psychological effect of
traveling to a great old building full of art has a significant effect on how
that art is experienced. As the hyper-link has removed the element of
distance, a virtual gallery is surrounded by an infinite number of
uncontrollable neighbors. Visitors are skipping from place to place and
will not necessarily arrive at the exhibition in the frame of mind a
traditional curator might usually expect. In fact, they may arrive
unintentionally. O'Grady concludes, "Art on the web may look hot, but it's
merely standing by the side of the road in the digital rush hour, desperate
to attract, tossed out like a dropped handkerchief to those who would pick
it up." 9 Interestingly, what O'Grady perceives as
the diminished stature
of art on the Web may be exactly the kind of environment that
disenfranchised artists are seeking. Billboard artists such as
Barbara
Kruger have already sought out precisely this type of environment for the
exhibition of their works in physical space. They have deliberately placed
their work into environments where it is will be seen by many
unsuspecting passers-by. Museums have fostered the notion that art is the pure representation of an artists vision, as the white walls of a gallery magically transfer a perfect understanding of this vision into the heart and mind of it's beholder. New curatorial styles that develop within virtual spaces may help alter the perception that galleries and museums as have become spaces of "exclusions and confinements", by accomodating new art forms, and supporting a more diverse range of art ideologies. As old practices become redundant and new ones develop, it will become easier to differentiate between elements that are fundamental to the art of curating and those which were simply products of the limited physical environments in which they were formed.
Footnotes: 1.Markus Lupertz, "Art and Architecture," in New Museum Buildings in the Federal Republic of Germany (Frankfurt am Main, 1985), p 33 (translation modified). Quoted by Crimp's, "The Postmodern Museum", "On the Museum's Ruins", p290 2.Douglas Crimp, "The Postmodern Museum", p.295 3.Hegel, quoted by Douglas Crimp in "The Postmodern Museum", p.302 On the Museum's Ruins 4.Dace A. Campbell, "Nature of Cyberspace" 5.Marcos Novak, "Transmitting Architecture: The Transphysical City" 6.Marcos Novak, "Transmitting Architecture: The Transphysical City" 7.Elizabeth O'Grady, "The Rake's progress of Pixels: Why Web Art is Sleazy", pg 42, Mix 8.Elizabeth O'Grady, "The Rake's progress of Pixels: Why Web Art is Sleazy", pg 42, Mix 9.Elizabeth O'Grady, "The Rake's progress of Pixels: Why Web Art is Sleazy", pg.42, Mix
Bibliography:
Kruger, Barbara, 1945
Reichardt, Jasia
Reeve, James K. The art of showing art. 1st ed
On understanding art museums
Mix, Summer 1996
Brawne, Michael
Crimp, Douglas; with photographs by Louise Lawler
Museum studies: a curriculum guide for universities and museums; a
Immersed in Technology: Art and Virtual Environments
The Making of a Modern Museum
Dace A. Campbell, "Nature of Cyberspace"
Dace A. Campbell, "Design in Virtual Environments Using
Architectural
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